International Journal of Academic Research in Education and Review

Vol. 14(3), pp. 143-151, August 2026

ISSN: 2360-7866

https://doi.org/10.14662/ijarer2026530

 

Full Length Research

 

 

Ergonomic Exposure and Musculoskeletal Disorders among Vulcanizers in Ethiope West, Delta State, Nigeria

 

Ekpon Philip Oghenetega1 and Tayire Favour Okagbare (PhD)2

 

1Physical and Health Education Department, Delta State College of Education, Mosogar, P.M.B. 4088, Sapele, Delta State. Corresponding author’s E-mail: tegaekpon@gmail.com (08066313537) 2Physical and Health Education Department, Delta State College of Education, Mosogar, P.M.B. 4088, Sapele, Delta State. E-mail: Okagbarefavour@gmail.com (08033947095)

Corresponding author’s E-mail: tegaekpon@gmail.com (08066313537)  

Accepted 22 August 2026

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Vulcanizing is physically demanding and involves prolonged standing, repetitive movements, awkward postures, and manual handling of heavy tires. Informal workers may face substantial work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD) risks because of limited ergonomic awareness and preventive measures. Objective: This study assessed ergonomic exposure and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among vulcanizers in Ethiope West Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 vulcanizers selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire incorporating the Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and an observational ergonomic checklist. Anthropometric measurements and workplace observations were also undertaken. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression at p<0.05. Results: Mean age was 38.4±9.7 years and mean work experience was 12.6±7.3 years. The 12-month prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms in anybody region was 87.1% (95% CI: 81.7–91.3), with lower back (71.4%), neck (58.6%), and shoulder (49.0%) symptoms most prevalent. Prolonged standing (87.6%), awkward postures (84.3%), repetitive motions (79.5%), and manual lifting (75.2%) were common exposures. Only 28.6% could identify at least one ergonomic risk factor and 12.4% reported using any PPE. self-reported musculoskeletal symptom prevalence was associated with work experience, daily working hours, weekly rest, heavy lifting, and awkward posture. In multivariate analysis, awkward posture was the strongest independent predictor (adjusted OR=9.42, 95% CI: 2.87–30.91, p<0.001). Conclusion: Vulcanizers in Ethiope West experience a high burden of musculoskeletal symptoms alongside substantial ergonomic exposure and inadequate preventive practices. Workplace ergonomic modification, structured rest periods, mechanical lifting aids, appropriate PPE, and occupational health education are recommended.

 

Key Words: Ergonomics; musculoskeletal disorders; vulcanizers; occupational health; Nigeria

Paper type: research